Gulati, S., A. Misra, R.M. Pandey, 2017. Effect of almond supplementation on glycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indians in north India with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 24-week study. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. doi:10.1089/met.2016.0066.
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) statistics have reached menacing proportions in India. Appropriate dietary intervention, as part of healthy lifestyle, is imperative to curb further spread of this disease. Objectives: This pre–post intervention study was conducted in New Delhi, India, to investigate the effects of daily consumption of almonds for 24 weeks in T2D subjects, specifically on measures of glycemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods and Study Design: In this study, the 24-week intervention period was preceded by a control diet and exercise run-in period of 3 weeks. Raw almonds (20% of energy intake) were provided to the patients for consumption along with diet and physical activity counseling. Patients were assessed for anthropometry, blood pressure, measures of glycemia (fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin), lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, lipoprotein(a)], surrogate marker of atherosclerosis (Pulse wave velocity), and marker of inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) at baseline and after the intervention period. Results: Statistically significant improvement in mean values for various parameters post intervention was as follows: waist circumference (P<0.03), waist-to-height ratio (P<0.005), TC (P<0.002), serum triglycerides (P<0.004), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.01), glycosylated hemoglobin (P<0.04), and hs-CRP (P<0.01). A trend toward improvement in pulse wave velocity (P<0.06) was also observed. Conclusion: The study findings illustrate that incorporation of almonds in a well-balanced healthy diet leads to multiple beneficial effects on glycemic and CVDs risk factors in Asian Indian patients with T2D.
Grassby, T., G. Mandalari, M. M.-L. Grundy, C.H. Edwards, C. Bisignano, D. Trombetta, A. Smeriglio, S. Chessa, S. Ray, J. Sanderson, S.E. Berry, P.R. Ellis, K.W. Waldron, 2017. In vitro and in vivo modeling of lipid bioaccessibility and digestion from almond muffins: The importance of the cell-wall barrier mechanism. Journal of Functional Foods. 37:263–271.
This study compares in vitro and in vivo models of lipid digestion from almond particles within a complex food matrix (muffins) investigating whether the cell-wall barrier regulates the bioaccessibility of nutrients within this matrix. Muffins containing small (AF) or large (AP) particles of almond were digested in triplicate using an in vitro dynamic gastric model (DGM, 1 h) followed by a static duodenal digestion (8 h). AF muffins had 97.1 ± 1.7% of their lipid digested, whereas AP muffins had 57.6 ± 1.1% digested. In vivo digestion of these muffins by an ileostomy volunteer (0–10 h) gave similar results with 96.5% and 56.5% lipid digested, respectively. The AF muffins produced a higher postprandial triacylglycerol iAUC response (by 61%) than the AP muffins. Microstructural analysis showed that some lipid remained encapsulated within the plant tissue throughout digestion. The cell-wall barrier mechanism is the main factor in regulating lipid bioaccessibility from almond particles.
Ndanuko, R.N., L.C. Tapsell, K.E. Charlton, E.P. Neale, M.J. Batterham, 2017. Associations between dietary patterns and blood pressure in a clinical sample of overweight adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 7(2):228-239.
Background: Dietary pattern analysis provides important evidence revealing diet-disease relationships. It may be especially useful in areas less well researched, such as diet and hypertension in clinical populations. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the association between dietary patterns and blood pressure (BP) in a sample of overweight adults volunteering for a clinical trial for weight loss. Design: This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from the HealthTrack study, a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Dietary intake was evaluated with 4-day food records. Participants/Setting: Participants were 328 adults recruited from the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia, between May 2014 and April 2015. Main Outcome Measures: Resting BP and 24-hour urine sodium and potassium were measured. Statistical Analysis: Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis from 21 food groups. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the extracted dietary patterns and BP. Results: The participants’ mean age was 43.6±8.0 years, mean body mass index was 32.4±4.2, and mean systolic BP/diastolic BP was 124.9±14.5/73.3±9.9 mm Hg. Six major dietary patterns were identified: “nuts, seeds, fruit, and fish,” “milk and meat,” “breads, cereals, and snacks,” “cereal-based products, fats, and oils,” “alcohol, eggs, and legumes,” and “savoury sauces, condiments, and meat.” The “nuts, seeds, fruit, and fish” dietary pattern was significantly and inversely associated with systolic BP (F [7,320]=15.248; P<0.0005; adjusted R2=0.234 and diastolic BP (F [7,320]=17.351; P<0.0005; adjusted R2=0.259) and sodium-to-potassium ratio (F [7,320]=6.210; P<0.0005; adjusted R2=0.100). Conclusions: A dietary pattern rich in nuts, seeds, fruit, and fish was inversely associated with blood pressure in this clinical sample. The findings suggest that current dietary guidelines are relevant to an overweight clinical population and support the value of dietary pattern analysis when exploring the diet-disease relationship.
Schwingshackl, L., G. Hoffmann, B. Missbach, M. Stelmach-Mardas, H. Boeing, 2017. An umbrella review of nuts intake and risk of cardiovascular disease. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 23:1016-1027.
Background: Nuts have been an indispensable component of the human diet for hundreds because of their unique nutrient composition and are thought to play a beneficial part in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To evaluate the extent, validity and presence of evidence for studies investigating the impact of nuts intake on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular events, we performed an umbrella review of all published meta-analyses synthesizing data from both observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Method: PubMed (between 1966 and April 2016) was searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Methodological quality was assessed by applying the AMSTAR score (0-11 points), and the meta-evidence by applying NutriGrade, our recently developed scoring system (0-10 points). Results: In total, 14 meta-analyses were included in the umbrella review. Only 4 out of 14 reported an AMSTAR score ≥8 (high methodological quality), whereas NutriGrade meta-evidence score varied between 2 (very low meta-evidence) and 7.9 (moderate meta-evidence). There is consistent evidence from intervention trials, reporting significant reductions for total cholesterol, and from observational studies that higher intakes of nuts were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. On the other side no effect could be observed for stroke, HDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure in the normal range. Conclusion: In summary, the present umbrella review showed that nuts intake was associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension, and lower levels of total cholesterol. The observed evidence is limited by the moderate methodological quality and very low to moderate quality of evidence.
